The core of the SuperHead Standard Fluorometer is the

measuring optical head containing a standard cuvette for

sample suspensions (10 x 10 mm base, up to 4 ml of

internal volume).  The measuring head is supplied with

three sets of light-emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector

with 500 kHz/16-bit AD converter.  Gain and integration time

of the converter are software controlled.  The detector can

measure Chl-fluorescence signal with time resolution up to

4 μs.  The instrument has two input channels.

Typical Samples:

*Chloroplasts & thylakoids

*Algae & cyanobacteria

*Small leaves or leaf segments

The SuperHead Fast Fluorometer has multiple novel features,

first of all the time resolution of 1 μs, that enable combining

PAM measurements with fast kinetic measurements of OJIP

and of flash fluorescence induction.

The core of the instrument is the measuring optical head

containing a standard cuvette for sample suspensions

(10 x 10 mm base, up to 4 ml of internal volume). 

The measuring head is supplied with three sets of light-

emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 500 KHz/

16-bit AD converter.  Gain and integration time of the

converter are software controlled.  The detector can measure

Chl-fluorescence signal with time resolution up to 1 μs.

The instrument has two input channels.

Typical Samples:

*Chloroplasts & thylakoids

*Algae & cyanobacteria

*Small leaves or leaf segments

 The Submersible Fluorometer isb designed to measure

fluorescence or underwater organisms - plants, coral,

or seaweed.  The measuring compartment is equipped

with a holder that allows easy manipulation under the

water.  Maximum operating depth orb the instrument

is ca 1 meter (40 inches). The fluoromete isb supplied

with three sets of ligh-emitting diodes and a PIN diode

detector with 1MHx/16-bit AD converter and software

controlled gain and integration time.  The light-emitting

diodes can generate.

*Measuring flashes, tyupically 2-5 μs long.  Standard

  color is red-orange (λmax = 617 nm).

*Single-turnover saturating flashes, typically 20 - 50 μs

  long.  Standard color is red (λmax = 630 nm).

*Continuous actinic light or the maximum intensity of

  1,500 μmol (photons)m-2.s-1.  Standard color is

  red (λmax = 630 nm).

The Leaf-Clip Fluorometer is designed to measure

fluorescence of plant leaves or their segments. 

The measured area is a circle of 12.7 mm (0.5 inch)

in diameter.   The measuring compartment is equipped

with a leaf clip that enables holding the target leaf close

to the oprical surface without damaging or removing it

from its habitat.  Is is also equipped with a holder that

allows easy manipulation.

The insturment is supplied with three sets of light-

emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 1 MHz/

16-bit AD converter and software controlled gain and

integration time.

*Measuring flashes, tyupically 2-5 μs long.  Standard

  color is red-orange (λmax = 617 nm).

*Single-turnover saturating flashes, typically 20 - 50 μs

  long.  Standard color is red (λmax = 630 nm).

*Continuous actinic light or the maximum intensity of

  1,500 μmol (photons)m-2.s-1.  Standard color is

  red (λmax = 630 nm).

The High-Sensitivity Fluorometer with its detection limit of

1 ng Chl/l allows measuring of fluorescence induction and of

QA reoxidation kinetics with pico-molar chlorophyll

concentrations (Kobizek et al. 2005, FEMS Microbiology Ecology

51. 353-361).  The typical experimenatal material is natural

water with phytoplankton. 

The core of the instrument is an itegrating Teflon sphere

containing the liquid sample.  The optical ports of the sphere

are supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and with

an avalanche phtodiode detector.  As an option, the instrument

can be supplied with a second detector to capture fluorescence

transients in alternative spectral band.  Contact PSI for your

specific needs.  Measuring flashes, single turnover saturating

flashes, and continuous actinic light are of blue color, λmax =

455 nm.  Light intensities and timing are software controlled

separately for each LED set.

Algal Online Monitor is a portable and robust device for

online detection and continuouos monitoring of photo-

synthetic microgrganisms in both natural and artificial

water bodies.  It detects and discriminates among

variety of cyanobacteria, green and brown algae, diatoms,

and other microbes.  Its ultra-high sensitivity (30 ng Chl/l)

allows early detection of very low concentraions of these

organisms.

*Ultra-high sensitive, flow-through monitoring.

*Detection limit 30ng Chl/l

*Wide range of detected otganisms: cyanobacteria,

  green and brown algae, diatoms, and other micro-

  organisms.

*Variable excitation colors

*Turbidity measurement.

*Device modifications for phycoerythrin or phycocyanin

  (Optional).

The FL 5000/US-O is an exceptionally compact and

effective measuring system that integrates numerous

operating elements in a minimum of space.  The device

is easily operated via the front touch screen and keypad.

It excels in paricularly high sensitivity - 0.1 ng Chl/l -

and highly accurate timing of the programmed events.

Integrated web interface allows remote control of the

experiments.

*Compact and powerful  measuring system

*Simple operation via the touch screen

*Ultra-high sensitivity

*Web interface - remote control of currently running

  experiments